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One of them is in LED lighting, and more specifically for the dimming control. In this application, there is a need for a stable LED load dimming control at the contrary of the simple incandescent lights. Dimmers work by using the power phase angle as a form of PWM control, adjusting the range of brightness with the angle. This requires switching the AC on at a precise point in each half AC cycle. To do that, the designer needs Zero Crossing Detection on an AC line, fast solid-state switches like TRIACS, and a circuit that calculates the phase angle and the corresponding delay after zero crossing to turn on the TRIACS. Without this Zero Crossing Detection synchronizing with the angle, a PWM would possibly induce some flickering. In 2019, the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimated that residential and commercial sectors combined used about 216 billion kilo-watt-hours (kWh) of electricity for lighting, a clear area of power efficiency improvement that needs to be measured accurately.
