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There are multiple connectivity options for an IoT device, depending on whether the device will be in a fixed location or on a mobile device. Fixed location devices often use wired transport. This could be with a Local Area Network (LAN) such as Ethernet using IP protocols. Older deployments used dial-up telephone lines to reach a remote server directly or connected to the Internet, and cable modem connections are also used where available (also using IP protocols). In the case of short-range data transmissions where using a wired solution may not be practical, wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and so on are quite popular. These are common industry standards for which low-cost implementations of the wireless radio and their protocols are available in integrated circuits. For medium range wireless transport, typical implementations of IoT solutions use cellular for communication to a nearby tower (generally within a few miles) which backhauls the data into the Internet or a remote server. When cellular is not available, such as on ocean-bound ships or remote geographies with low human presence, long-range satellite data services provide a global reach for devices to communicate to a distant server program for that IoT application. IoT solution designers may also want to consider a hybrid solution for certain mobile IoT devices. There may be times where a mobile device will periodically have a bad signal or traverse through different cellular service providers or technologies. In these cases, the designer may consider using an IoT connectivity option that provides for fall back to other networks.
